Dog bones?

 In my (limited) experience, most lichen identification depends a lot on matching named photographs to what you have found.  This is how I started off identifying wildflowers, flicking through the book to find a picture that looked similar to what I was looking at.   Once I started to record what flowers I had found, it became important to make an accurate ID and I moved on to using keys, beginning with a really useful book called "The Wild Flower Key"  by Francis Rose.

With flowers, the keys concentrate on what you can see with the naked eye, or sometimes a lens to see small details such as hairs. 

However, although there are keys in my lichen book, they quite often use details which amateur observers might not have access to, such as what the spores look like under a microscope, or chemical tests. Also the lichens tend to have just scientific names rather than common ones that are easy to remember, so I have been giving some lichens my own names to try and remember them. When I spot a new lichen, my usual method is to take lots of photos to look at when I get home and compare with photos on the internet.  

I found this bright orange lichen on a wall on Newtonmore Main Street, along with some grey lichens and mosses.

I thought an orange one might be easy to identify as there are not that many orange or yellow lichens and most of them have names that begin with Xanthoria.

This is the most common orange lichen that usually grows on trees, but also grows on walls.

Xanthoria parietina on an aspen tree

Close up on a hawthorn twig: X. parietina can turn greener in the shade

So the first step was to check that the new lichen actually was different. here are close up photos side by side.

Xanthoria parietina on the left; the new lichen on the right

I can see that they are different - instead of leafy lobes, the new lichen has smaller lobes that look a bit like dog bones - or when looked at more closely - it looks like battered tempura! So tempura lichen became my name for it...

(the lines are 1mm apart)

With some help from the Scottish Lichens Facebook group, it got its real name, Xanthoria elegans, and it also has another name - the Elegant Sunburst lichen.

(Update - after showing some of the photos to another lichen group, they did not think it was Xanthoria elegans  - but not enough info to decide what Xanthoria species it was - so it will have to remain as tempura lichen  for the time being!)

There is another lichen that reminds me of dog bones, Hypogymnia tubulosa.  So here is a quiz for you - can you spot the dog bone lichen?

Star Jelly

 When walking the dog on the lower section of Newtonmore Golf Course, I saw a blob of translucent whitish jelly, which looked just like the water holding gel you put in hanging baskets, once it has absorbed water and swelled up.  I poked it with my foot and wondered how it got there and walked on.  A few days later, I saw a picture of something similar on the internet (here) which called it Star Jelly.  So I went back to take a photo, though the size of the clump was now smaller. The toe of my boot gives you some indication of the size.

There does not seem to be any agreement on what it actually is - explanations range from an algae that has absorbed water, the contents of a frog's oviduct that has been regurgitated by whatever ate it (frog spawn without the eggs), moon or star poo! The BBC conducted an investigation with no clear results:

Theories so far: Hans Sluiman, an algae expert at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, told Out of Doors listeners he is convinced the gel itself is not a plant or animal.

Dr Andy Taylor studies fungi at the Macaulay Institute in Aberdeen. He says there are fungus filaments in the slime but agrees with Hans that they're growing in the gloop rather than creating it.

DNA tests: Andy's team at the Macaulay Institute ran DNA tests on a sample, but the results were inconclusive - the sample was contaminated.

from  https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/outdoors/articles/jelly/

I think I tend towards the frog theory but who knows....

Stonewalling

I am still enjoying looking out for lichens and I am gradually getting more familiar with the names.  I have joined a FaceBook page called Scottish Lichens where people are very helpful and give advice on identifying lichens from your photos.

There is a dry stone wall just by the first cattle grid at the top of Glen Road. There wasn't much to see when I visited it on this day!

However, when the snow has melted,  it is full of interesting patterns formed by lichens. Most of the lichens are the crustose ones – they look as if they are painted on – and are stuck to the surface of the stone.  They don’t come off if you rub them.

Here are a few – some with names.

Rhizocarpon geographicum - Map lichen

The next one is quite distinctive and is the Blood Spot lichen.  It likes upland areas and acid rocks so there is quite a lot up the Glen on boulders.

Ophioparma ventosa - Blood spot lichen

The "blood spots" are actually reproductive structures.

 The blood spots release spores which have to find the right alga before they can grow into another lichen.

The next one is like a miniature coral,  Pertusaria corallina 

(That's snow as well!)

Pertusaria corallina

It is covered in tiny "fingers" called isidia.  It is one way a lichen spreads itself, as when they break off they can start to grow elsewhere. They are like little packets with both the fungus and the alga so it has everything it needs to start growing if it finds a suitable spot.

This rust coloured one is probably Lecidea lithophila.  "Stone lover" (litho= stone, phila=lover).  The white, red and black parts are all the same lichen. You can see some Map Lichen near it.

Next time you are out for a walk, take time to look closely at  walls and boulders.  You may be surprised at what you can find.

Late bloomers

 Even though it is almost December, there are still some plants flowering.  Some are annuals such as Groundsel, which are growing and flowering probably from seed produced earlier in the year.  Others such as Dandelions and Broom are perennials and the mild weather has encouraged them to have another go at flowering. Weirdly, most of them seem to be yellow….

Groundsel

Groundsel

Groundsel is Senecio vulgaris – it is an annual and common (which is what the “vulgaris” implies – it is Latin for “of the common people” and  Senecio is pronounced “sen-neck-ee-oh”).  It can be seen flowering in the debris that accumulates at the edge of pavements e.g. by Newtonmore Primary School.  The flower does not appear to have petals, just a central portion (though in fact these are florets – little flowers- each of which can produce seed). 

There are more Senecio species which are bigger.  The most common is Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) which can soon take over fields.

Ragwort

Grazing animals avoid it but if it is cut, dried and mixed with hay, they can eat it and it affects their liver.  It is however a food source for insects such as the cinnabar moth. It is a biennial, which means that it takes 2 years to flower.  The first year, a seed grows a rosette of green leaves, and in the second year it grows a stem and yellow flowers.

Another Senecio is Sticky Groundsel (Senecio viscosus).  

Sticky Groundsel near Kingussie Railway Station

This is bigger than Groundsel and is covered in hairs which have a blob of liquid on the end which gives rise to the sticky feeling.  (This sort of hair is called a glandular hair.) 

Glandular hairs on Sticky Groundsel

I haven’t seen it in Newtonmore, but I have found it in Kingussie on building sites and near the railway station.  It seems to like disturbed ground.

The final kind of Senecio that I have seen locally is Heath Groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus).  It grows under the trees at one side of the road into Kingussie from Newtonmore.  Thanks go to Val Emmett for spotting it and pointing it out to me. It is taller than common Groundsel.

Heath Groundsel

Like all these Senecios, Heath Groundsel produces fluffy seeds that get carried away by the wind to grow elsewhere.

Heath Groundsel flowering and producing seedheads

Another lichen – or is that two?

The next lichen I wanted to try to ID is one that hangs off twigs like a pale green beard, with lots of thin wispy branches.  It originates from one point so it is a fruticose (bushy) lichen. 

The first question is about the cross section of the branches – round, flat or grooved. 

These look round which narrows it down to 4 species all which all have names starting with Usnea.

Unfortunately, after that it gets a bit tricky… the next distinguishing feature is to do with reproduction and asks if there are any "soredia".  Not a term I know, so looking it up they are powdery granules on the surface. Here's a close-up:

Well, I can see some little specks on the surface but is that what they mean?  Quite honestly, I don't know as I have not had any experience with lichens.  There is another lichen that I picked up that I thought might be an Usnea.  It's a bit darker but otherwise similar.

A close up of this one does show something on the surface:

So my best guess is that they are both Usnea  and might be Usnea cornuta or Usnea subfloridana, and I can't get much further than that! I notice that the British Lichen Society says don't try to ID Usnea to species, just record Usnea so I will have to be content with that.

Getting to like Lichens

 You have probably noticed that most of the trees in Newtonmore have green growths on them - no, I don't mean leaves!-  but growths that look like miniature bushes or coloured patches.

Lichens on a tree trunk

These are lichens (pronounced either like-uns or litch-uns).  Are they a plant or what?  Most are a combination of two things - a fungus and an alga.  A fungus can't manufacture its food from sunlight using chlorophyll like green plants and algae can. The fungus provides a home for the alga which then manufactures food.

Having been inspired by the lichen talk referred to in my last post, I have been looking more closely at the lichens growing locally. It is easy to collect samples as they often blow off the trees.  I have bought a leaflet by the Field Studies Council "Key to Lichens on Twigs" so I can have a go at naming what I see. There are lots of photos and a simple multi-access key (where you tick what you can see and it suggests the name). A similar key (but no photos) is available online at the Natural History Museum.  

There are also 2 free sheets of information and photos of the 20 most common lichens available from The British Lichen Society.

So here is a lichen that I picked up off the ground:

Lichen from the top

The first decision is to look at how it grows (pictures from NHM site):

fruticose  Branched shrub-like lichens attached to the twig by a sucker-like holdfast.

foliose  Leaf-like lichens attached to the twig by the lower surface.

crustose  Crust-like lichens that are only removed by cutting the bark.

It is like a little bush that was attached to  the tree at one point - which is more obvious when you look at the underside, as the branches come from a central point:

Lichen underside

So that makes it a bushy or fruticose lichen.

The next decision is whether the branches are the same colour on top as underneath.

Top side - light green

Underside - whitish

So the top and bottom surfaces are a different colour.  That makes the ID easy as there is only one fruticose lichen on my leaflet that has different colours on each side, Evernia prunastri. The leaflet says that the branches should be flattened in cross-section which is true as well. It is also known as Oakmoss which is not that helpful as it isn't a moss, and mine wasn't growing near an oak. Another name is Stag Lichen which does match the antler-like shape of the branches.

I could not smell anything much from my sample, though Encyclopedia Brittanica says this:

"Oak moss was used in perfumery as early as the 16th century. Baskets filled with it have been found in the ancient royal tombs of Egypt, but whether it was intended for perfume or for food is not known. Oak moss contains a starchy edible substance. A mixture of acids extracted from it is used in drugs for treating external wounds and infections."

It is very common locally so keep an eye out for it next time you are out on a walk.

Free resources from the Scottish Botanists Conference

Last weekend was the Scottish Botanists Conference, run by the BSBI  (Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland). In previous years, I have gone to the Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh and attended in person but this year it was all done by Zoom. This had the disadvantage of not being able to meet people, but on the plus side everything was recorded and will be available to watch on YouTube. Not everything has been uploaded yet.

The webpage is at https://scottishbotanistsconference.org/ 

The YouTube channel is:

https://www.youtube.com/c/BotanicalSocietyofBritainandIreland/videos

There are lots of other videos to watch there as well, quite a few on identifying different plants; Grasses, sedges, etc

The four online workshops  are listed below:

Introduction to the BSBI Database – Chris Metherell, BSBI

Introduction to Conifer ID – Matt Paratt, Forest Research

Starting out with Lichen identification – Rebecca Yahr, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh & British Lichen Society

Introduction to Winter Tree Id –Mark Duffell, Arvensis Ecology & BSBI Training & Education

I found the workshops very interesting, especially as it suggested activities that could be carried out over the winter when there are few flowers out. Newtonmore has plenty of trees and lichens so that will give me something to do when I am out walking.

Fungi

 Autumn weather has arrived, with great colours on the trees but not a lot of flowers around.  But there is plenty to see when you look at the ground. Mushrooms, toadstools, whatever you call them, fungi are popping up and enlivening any walk.

One of the most gruesome for Halloween is the inkcap. It starts off a pristine white.

Shaggy Inkcap

 But as it grows, it transforms into a black drippy spectacle. Quite beautiful, though, in its own way.

Shaggy Inkcap deliquescing

It is reported to be edible when young but also has uses as it starts to liquefy.  Here's a quote from WildfoodUK:

"You can also make some very good ink from them. To do this mix the inkcap ink with a little water and some cloves and heat it. This process will help fix the ink and stop it from fading or running when you use it."

This photo was taken close to Newtonmore Golf Course.  There is also usually a good crop on the front lawn of Monarch Apartments (which used to be the Craig Mhor Hotel) but they were all finished when I checked yesterday. But there are Waxcaps  growing there at the moment.

Waxcaps have a waxy slippery feeling cap and come in all sizes.  One of the bigger types is growing all around the upper section of Newtonmore Golf Course in the rough grass. I think it is the Crimson Waxcap (Hydrocybe punicea) but I am no expert! It has the wide apart gills characteristic of waxcaps, and a very attractive yellow and orange patterned stem.

Crimson waxcap

It starts off a bright red but fades to a yellow shade as it ages. There is a very similar but smaller Waxcap growing in my lawn.  You can see the scale from the photo.  I think this is the Splendid Waxcap with the appropriate name of Hydrocybe splendidissima.

Splendid waxcap

There is a Waxcap survey at the moment WaxcApp which uses an App that you download onto your phone .  All you have to do is say what colour the waxcaps are in the field you are looking at.  

Finally, another kind of fungus appeared in my pile of wood chippings - a cup fungus - Peziza species.

Courtesy of Google, which makes little videos of your photos, here is a video of some of the fungi I spotted yesterday.

Apples

  I have just finished harvesting the apples in my garden, and have been noticing "wild" apple trees in the area. There is one on the Lower section of Newtonmore Golf Course, about 15m from the fairway.  

It is  a big spreading tree and the apples are a yellow and red colour and could be spotted from some distance away. 

I tried one - it looked fine and smelt  quite fragrant but tasted unpleasant.  Not sharp or sour like an unripe apple, more a strong bitter taste from the skin. How did the tree get there?  I suppose that someone threw an apple core away and one of the seeds germinated. You might wonder why it did not taste like the original apple.  I think the answer is that the blossom on the garden or commercial tree, can be pollinated by any other tree, such as a crab apple, and although the fruit will be true to type, the seeds will be a mixture between two trees and not come true.

There are two other "wild" apple trees near the Folk Museum and alongside the Kingussie Road. They are probably apple core throwouts as well. The first one is quite close to the entrance and had lots of tiny apples on it and plenty on the ground.

The second one is much older and is alongside the cycle path.  I thought at first that it had no apples at all, but there were one or two very small ones.

Here are the apples from all three trees:

You might wonder why I have put quotes around "wild".... Strictly speaking the wild apple is Malus sylvestris, the Crab Apple, and the tree that is grown in gardens and orchards is just known as Apple, Malus domestica. The Crab Apple is native and the fruits are much smaller, 2-3cm, about an inch, across. The Apple is the result of breeding and when the tree is self sown the apples tend to be small, yellowish and sour - which would fit the one I tasted. Another difference is that the leaves on the domestic apple are hairy underneath - and when I checked my garden apple trees, this was certainly true.  When I looked at the "wild" apples I could not see any hairs but whether they were just hard to spot, I don't know. Maybe the one with really small apples is a Crab Apple.  It's hard to tell.

In 2018, I heard an interesting talk by Markus Ruhsam who works at the Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh,

How much pure wild Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) is there in Scotland?

His PowerPoint presentation is available online, just click on the title above. Lots of photos!

They analysed the genetic make-up of different apples.  The Braeburn is 99% M. domestica whereas the Cox's Orange Pippin is about half-half M. domestica and M. sylvestris.

The Bramley (which grows well in my garden in Newtonmore) originated from a pip sown by Mary Ann Brailsford in 1809. The original tree is still alive and has been bought by Nottingham Trent University. Here is a clip from an article giving the history.  The full article can be accessed here.

 In 1809, a pip planted by Mary Ann Brailsford grew into a tree that bore strange fruit. The apples were large, hardy and sour, which drew the attention of seventeen-year-old Henry Merryweather, a local gardener and nurseryman who offered to take cuttings from the tree and cultivate them in his own nursery. As Brailsford had sold the property and the original tree to her son-in-law Bramley, Merryweather was asked to name the new breed in the lad’s honour.

Cotoneasters again

 I decided to have a go at identifying the cotoneasters along the school wall and  fence. I compared them to the one in my garden, which I am fairly confident is Wall Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster horizontalis).  There was a similar spreading one on the school wall, near the car entrance. I'll call it NPS1 (Newtonmore Primary School 1) as I don't have a name for it yet. There is also a more upright one which I'll call NPS2. Here are the three together:

Wall Cotoneaster and NPS1 and NPS2

Wall Cotoneaster and NPS1 look pretty similar. NPS1 has the same herringbone pattern as Wall Cotoneaster. 

Cotoneaster NPS1 on School wall 

 Is it the same species? Here are the leaves of both next to each other:

Wall Cotoneaster leaf and NPS1 leaf (on right)

As well as being different shapes, the Wall Cotoneaster has a little point at the tip and NPS1 doesn't.  The undersides are different as well; NPS1 is much hairier underneath.

So now I know they are different but I still don't have a name for the school one (apart from NPS1)! 

The berries are different  sizes as well:

Berries of Wall Cotoneaster, NPS1 and NPS2 (on 1mm graph paper)

NPS2 is more upright and the berries are oval rather than round. The leaves are bigger as well especially on the newer shoots.

NPS2

NPS2

And I don't know what this one is either!  Part of the problem is that you really need the flowers to help you work through the key, and at this time of year, there are no flowers.

Being somewhat impatient by nature, I thought I would see if I could get any hints from elsewhere.  As they have been planted as landscaping, I tried googling commercial planting of Cotoneasters. This took me to a fact sheet on Cotoneasters by the Landscape Institute.  This was interesting reading as it is about the problems that Cotoneasters cause in the wild where they spread rapidly and choke out native plants.  The berries are eaten by birds and then grow where they are dropped (in droppings!). The reason they are such popular landscaping plants is that they will grow in very poor soils.  Here is their table of the culprits:

Looking at the options, I wonder if my two mystery Cotoneasters could be C. integrifolius and C. simonsii.  Why not C. microphyllus?   Only because one of my books (Stace) said that most IDs of microphyllus were usually integrifolius! So now I will have to wait until next year to find out if I have guessed correctly.